Except the C++ "Core dumped" line is telling you it just wrote a file out with the full state of the program at the time of the crash, you can load it up and see where it crashed and then go and look at what every local variable was at the time of the crash.
Pretty sure you can even step backwards in time with a good debugger to find out exactly how you got to the state you're currently in.
I love gdb! I recently had to do a debug and wow its so cool! On gentoo I can compile everything with symbols and source and can do a complete stack trace.
Am I the only one in this thread who uses VSCode + GDB together? The inspection panes and ability to breakpoint and hover over variables to drill down in them is just great, seems like everyone should set up their own c_cpp_properties.json && tasks.json files and give it a try.
It intentionally acts as an intercept for such things, so that core dumps can be nicely packaged up and sent to maintainers in a GUI-friendly way so maintainers can get valuable debugging information even from non-tech-savvy users. If you're running something on the terminal, it won't be intercepted and the core dump will be put in the working directory of the binary, but if you executed it through the GUI it will.
Assuming, of course, you turn crash interception on- it's off by default since it might contain sensitive info. Apport itself is always on and running to handle Ubuntu errors, but the crash interception needs enabled.