A new study published in Frontiers in Communication about masculinity and veganism found that using masculine language or attributes to describe vegan
It seems to be an EU-based study. The design part of the paper doesn't say which nationalities were studied, although maybe they mention it elsewhere in the document. I'd be interested in this because it's very much a cultural thing. There are part of the world where vegetarian food is the norm for both men and women.
Africa .... check the rates of heart disease and intestinal problems in most African nations compared to the US and Canada. They may suffer from all kinds of other preventable diseases, malnutrition and violent conflict ... but they don't suffer from over indulgence.
Which populations in Africa? It's not like everybody's the same across the continent. Have there been any studies ruling out other health-boosting factors like minimization of ultra-processed food and higher levels of exercise? (Generalizations about Africa tend to draw on stereotypes that are often quite unrealistic.)