A deep dive into 866 public companies and 1,413 carbon projects reveals some twists in who relies on cheap offsets and who chooses to cut their own emissions instead.
If they actually worked, it would be payment to somebody who has taken an action to prevent emissions they otherwise would not have prevented. In practice, it's 90% middlemen who claim to have paid somebody to take such an action, but no such action actually occurred, or a completely ineffective action occurred.