The Revenge of the Hot Water Bottle
The Revenge of the Hot Water Bottle
Imagine a personal heating system that works indoors as well as outdoors, can be taken anywhere, requires little energy, and is independent of any infrastructure. It exists – and is hundreds of years old.
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Naturally a hot water bottle can get quite hot, but it is anything but energy efficient. Water is the substance with the highest caloric value . Naturally a hot water bottle can get quite hot, but it is anything but energy efficient. Water is the substance with the highest caloric value (4.196 J/gK, Copper has only 0.382), that is, it takes a lot of energy to heat a liter of water and in the bottle in les than 1 h it's ambient temperature
More efficient are chemical solutions, which heat for many hours with simple and environmentally friendly ingredients. These are mainly used in these thermal patches, which heat up in combination with air and provide heat up to 50ºC for 12 hours and more.
The ingredients could not be simpler, iron filings, sawdust and activated carbon, that is, practically waste. This mixture, with the humidity of the air, produces this heat by the oxidation of the iron. Later, when they are spent, it can be used even as a nutrient component in the soil for plants.
This makes no sense. Being able to store a lot of heat energy is exactly what you want. Of course it takes more energy to heat water than a sheet of aluminum, but which one is going to stay hotter for longer. Any chemical solution isn't going to magically get you more energy out than you put in.
A water bottle (~1 liter Water) need a lot of energy to heat the Water and stores the heat for1 Houre, not more. This patches don't need any energy to heat, no more than the humidity of the environment, to start an exothermic process that lasts between 8-12 Hours, depending on the size of the patch. It requires no more energy than taking it out of the package so that it starts to heat up on its own. It does not require any external energy input, such as heating water electrically, with gas or other fuel, to heat it first, as is the case with the hot water bottle.
You're not considering the energy required to smelt the iron.
Iron filings (in a collected quantity high enough to make manufacturing these heat packs worthwhile) are not a waste product, they are recycled -- saving the smelting of that much new iron.
Sawdust+iron heat packs are a very useful and non-hazardous product, for sure, but aside from situations where a hot water bottle is impractical, hot water bottle still wins.
So.. I really don't know chemistry, and these aren't the highest quality references, but here goes:
- 4 mol of iron in a heat pack provides 1648.4 kJ of heat. [1]
- 4 mol of iron weighs 223g. [2]
- Recycling 1000kg of steel saves 642 kWh of energy. [3]
- Recycling 0.223kg steel saves 642 * 0.223 / 1000 = ~ 0.143 kWh
- 0.143 * 3600 = 515 kJ
Huh. So maybe heat packs are a reasonable use of scrap iron's embodied energy after all. Assuming you have a sufficient source of uncontaminated steel filing waste and that it's economical to collect and process into heat packs.
...But only if you're heating your water using fossil fuels using an inefficient method! If your water is heated using solar or waste heat capture or a heat pump[4], which would swing the balance way over to hot water bottles again.
I know that iron filings are recycled in foundries, if not used for these patches or for other uses. I am referring to waste that is used by residual products from other manufacturing, which is obviously the case with iron filings and sawdust.
It is true that a well-wrapped hot water bottle can store a little more heat than 1 hour, but not by far the 12 hours of these patches, which are also much more practical in their application, since they can be worn for a day cool comfortably under clothing, or on a sore part of the body, as they are primarily intended, without getting in the way of a job or activity during the day.
For a hot water bottle, you first need to heat the water in the kitchen, which obviously implies an energy expenditure that we have to invest first and that is not necessary in these patches, which in themselves are a source of energy due to a chemical process. . Besides, they are still recyclable afterward, since the iron oxide, product of this chemical reaction, is still usable in foundries, since in any case iron oxide is the form in which this element appears in nature.
These patches are obviously a 100% ecological and recyclable product, containing neither before nor after toxic or polluting residues, not necessarily the same in a hot water bottle, in the manufacture of which various chemical and plastic products are used, which are difficult to recycle (PVC in the cap, several toxic products used in the rubber..)